ANTROPOMETRIC TECHNIQUES USED FOR DETERMINING AESTHETIC ANATOMICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE

Abstract

Anthropology is the science that studies the socio-cultural structure of human and its development, its biological structure, its physical properties and the relations between them. Physical anthropology, which is the branch of anthropology, studies, measures and evaluates the body structure of human. The method used is anthropometry. Anthropometry is a systematic technique that classifies the physical properties of the human body according to specific measurement methods and principles, size and structure characteristics. In anthropometry; variables of different measurements such as length, width, circumference, height, thickness, angle, weight and skin fold thickness are used. There are hundreds of anthropometric points on the body and corresponding hundreds of measurements can be measured. Direct anthropometric or indirect anthropometric methods have been used as the method in studies conducted in different races and countries, in indirect anthropometric measurements; three-dimensional laser scanning, two-dimensional photographic evaluation, radiographic measurement methods were preferred. In anthropometric studies, anthropometric instruments are used, as well as a variety of measurement tools developed by researchers themselves. Some instruments of direct anthropometric method are digital calipers, double sliding calipers, depth measuring instruments, leather curvature measuring instruments, angle measuring sets, measuring heads and prints. Measurements are taken using the anthropometric measurement tools from the previously determined points in the Frankfurt horizontal plan in the studies related to the face in the direct anthropometric measurement technique. The disadvantage of this technique is that it is possible for the measuring person to have pressure-related measurement errors caused by the instrument during measurement, which takes longer than the other techniques. Indirect measurement methods of two-dimensional photographic are shorter time than direct method, but some depth measurements are not yield accurate results. Care must be taken to make the same lens, camera and distance shooting while the measurement is being made. In order to reset the user-dependent measurement errors, the measurement points must be well analysed and the measurement errors minimized while taking measurements from the post-shot images. As a result, the anthropometric researcher should choose a good literature review, the area to be measured, the instruments to be able to reach, the technique to reach the most accurate measurements in the shortest time, before choosing the technique to measure.